Sudan Histomap خريطة تاريخ السودان

Chapters › Independence to today · Sudan – Republic

Al-Bashir / NCP (Ingaz) regime

1989 CE – 2019 CE

Approximate area of control ≈ approximate

  1. OpenHistoricalMap contributors (2026) Sudan / South Sudan admin_level=2 relations (2801037, 2926748, 2926753, 2801039, 2801038; earlier 2690845, 2831546, 2926749, 2961763, 2961762, 2803203) link [medium]
  2. OpenHistoricalMap contributors (2026) Sudan / South Sudan admin_level=2 relations (2801037, 2926748, 2926753, 2801039, 2801038; earlier 2690845, 2831546, 2926749, 2961763, 2961762, 2803203) link [medium]
  3. Natural Earth (2022) Admin 0 – Breakaway, Disputed Areas 1:10m v5.1.1 link [medium]
  4. Natural Earth (2022) Admin 0 – Breakaway, Disputed Areas 1:10m v5.1.1 pp. 2–5 link [high]
    Sources: Natural Earth (2022) Admin 0 – Breakaway, Disputed Areas 1:10m v5.1.1; The Geographer, Office of the Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, US Department of State (1962) International Boundary Study No. 18: Sudan – Egypt (United Arab Republic) Boundary; UN S/3963 (Sudan to the UN Secretary-General, 20 Feb 1958), quoted via EGYPIL; EGYPIL: M. Hamad, "The Situation in the Halaib Triangle – Timeline" (6 Feb 2026), https://www.egypil.org/print/75; Les Echos, "Le Soudan et l'Egypte à couteaux tirés" (Jun 1995); Carnegie Endowment, "The Egypt-Sudan Border: A Story of Unfulfilled Promise" (Jan 2021); Al Jazeera Net Encyclopedia, "حلايب" (14 Nov 2014); Al Nilin (alnilin.com/983231.htm, Sudanese outlet)
  5. Natural Earth (2022) Admin 0 – Breakaway, Disputed Areas 1:10m v5.1.1 pp. 2–5 link [medium]
    Sources: Natural Earth (2022) Admin 0 – Breakaway, Disputed Areas 1:10m v5.1.1; The Geographer, Office of the Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, US Department of State (1962) International Boundary Study No. 18: Sudan – Egypt (United Arab Republic) Boundary; UN S/3963 (Sudan to the UN Secretary-General, 20 Feb 1958), quoted via EGYPIL; EGYPIL: M. Hamad, "The Situation in the Halaib Triangle – Timeline" (6 Feb 2026), https://www.egypil.org/print/75; Les Echos, "Le Soudan et l'Egypte à couteaux tirés" (Jun 1995); Carnegie Endowment, "The Egypt-Sudan Border: A Story of Unfulfilled Promise" (Jan 2021); Al Jazeera Net Encyclopedia, "حلايب" (14 Nov 2014); Al Nilin (alnilin.com/983231.htm, Sudanese outlet)

Dating note

Holt & Daly 6th ed. (2011) covers to c.2010; 2011+ events still Wikipedia-sourced.

Key events

Capitals / sites

Khartoum

Geopolitics

Bashir took power in the 30 June 1989 coup, which the Arabic sources call the Islamic Movement's coup; the regime called itself al-Ingaz (Salvation). French Wikipedia says it was 'encouraged by the National Islamic Front' of Turabi (AR_WIKI_HIST; FR_WIKI_HIST; RU_WIKI_HIST). Bashir fell out with Turabi in 1999, came to rely on paramilitaries (the RSF, set up in 2011 and placed under the presidency in 2017), and was the only sitting head of state indicted by the ICC (ICG2019). The 2005 CPA ("Naivasha" in Arabic) split oil revenue and led to South Sudan's secession after a referendum with c.99% for independence (ES_ELCANO2011; RU_WIKI_HIST). Arabic sources blame the secession on the regime's insistence on a religious state (AR_SUDANILE2013). Darfur from 2003: German sources frame it as centre–periphery conflict, Chinese scholarship as a tribal resource conflict that 'cannot be blamed on China' (DE_BPB_KONFLIKT; ZH_YU2008; ZH_SUN2009). Ended by the April 2019 coup (ICG2019).

Culture

Islamisation from the early 1990s (RU_WIKI_HIST); sharia applied in the North only under the CPA (FR_WIKI_HIST). Sources disagree on naming: 'Islamic Movement coup'/Ingaz (ar), 'Islamic Republic' (fr, not an official name), 'al-Bashir regime / National Islamic Front' (ru).

Economy

Oil: with CNPC's help Sudan went from oil importer to exporter in 1999 (ZH_YU2008); investment came from China, Malaysia and India (DE_WIKI_HIST). RIA (2011): reserves of 6bn barrels and 510,000 bpd, mostly in the South, exported by pipeline across the North. Opposing readings: an Arabic opinion source says oil revenue never reached production and debt rose to USD 43bn (AR_SUDANILE2013), while German Wikipedia says militias carried out 'ethnic cleansing' to secure the oilfields. ICG: patronage spending on the security sector took by some estimates 70% of the budget, and the 2011 loss of southern oil deepened the slump that sparked the 2018–19 revolution.

Regional power

Open data flags

Sources

  1. International Crisis Group (2019) Safeguarding Sudan's Revolution (Africa Report 281) ICG link [en]
  2. ويكيبيديا العربية (2026) History of Sudan Wikipedia (ar) link [ar]
  3. تاج السر عثمان بابو (2013-02-28) Return to the September 1983 laws: will it save the regime? Sudanile (Sudanese opinion site; author is a Sudanese Communist Party historian) link [ar]
  4. Deutschsprachige Wikipedia (2026) History of Sudan Wikipedia (de) link [de]
  5. bpb (2020s) Sudan (Wars and conflicts dossier) Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung link [de]
  6. Carlota García Encina (2011-02-04) The new "Republic of South Sudan" Real Instituto Elcano link [es]
  7. Wikipédia en français (2026) History of Sudan Wikipédia (fr) link [fr]
  8. Русская Википедия (2026) History of Sudan Wikipedia (ru) link [ru]
  9. РИА Новости (2011-01-09) Republic of Sudan: fact sheet RIA Novosti (state) link [ru]
  10. 余建华、王震 (2008-03) China's diplomatic efforts in resolving the Darfur issue 阿拉伯世界研究 Arab World Studies 2008(2), 上海外国语大学 link [zh]
  11. 孙学峰、金峰 (2009) Analysis of the basic ways China participates in resolving the Darfur issue 国际论坛 International Forum (Tsinghua IIR repository) link [zh]
  12. P.M. Holt & M.W. Daly (2011) A History of the Sudan: From the Coming of Islam to the Present Day Routledge (Pearson/Longman) link [en]
  13. Wikipedia contributors Omar al-Bashir Wikipedia link [en]
  14. Wikipedia contributors War in Darfur Wikipedia link [en]
  15. Wikipedia contributors Comprehensive Peace Agreement Wikipedia link [en]

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