Sudan Histomap خريطة تاريخ السودان

Chapters › Independence to today · Sudan – Republic

December Revolution & transition

2019 CE – 2023 CE Arabic under review

Approximate area of control ≈ approximate

  1. OpenHistoricalMap contributors (2026) Sudan / South Sudan admin_level=2 relations (2801037, 2926748, 2926753, 2801039, 2801038; earlier 2690845, 2831546, 2926749, 2961763, 2961762, 2803203) link [high]
  2. Natural Earth (2022) Admin 0 – Breakaway, Disputed Areas 1:10m v5.1.1 link [medium]
  3. Natural Earth (2022) Admin 0 – Breakaway, Disputed Areas 1:10m v5.1.1 pp. 2–5 link [medium]
    Sources: Natural Earth (2022) Admin 0 – Breakaway, Disputed Areas 1:10m v5.1.1; The Geographer, Office of the Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, US Department of State (1962) International Boundary Study No. 18: Sudan – Egypt (United Arab Republic) Boundary; UN S/3963 (Sudan to the UN Secretary-General, 20 Feb 1958), quoted via EGYPIL; EGYPIL: M. Hamad, "The Situation in the Halaib Triangle – Timeline" (6 Feb 2026), https://www.egypil.org/print/75; Les Echos, "Le Soudan et l'Egypte à couteaux tirés" (Jun 1995); Carnegie Endowment, "The Egypt-Sudan Border: A Story of Unfulfilled Promise" (Jan 2021); Al Jazeera Net Encyclopedia, "حلايب" (14 Nov 2014); Al Nilin (alnilin.com/983231.htm, Sudanese outlet)
  4. Natural Earth (2022) Admin 0 – Breakaway, Disputed Areas 1:10m v5.1.1 pp. 2–5 link [medium]
    Sources: Natural Earth (2022) Admin 0 – Breakaway, Disputed Areas 1:10m v5.1.1; The Geographer, Office of the Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, US Department of State (1962) International Boundary Study No. 18: Sudan – Egypt (United Arab Republic) Boundary

Key events

Capitals / sites

Khartoum

Geopolitics

Bashir deposed by the military on 11 Apr 2019 after the most sustained civilian protest movement in Sudan's modern history; security forces' attack on protesters on 3 June 2019; 17 Aug 2019 power-sharing deal with an 11-member Sovereign Council; Hamdok PM; UNITAMS created 2020; 25 Oct 2021 coup dissolved the transitional government (ICG; UNSC 2524).

Culture

Murals and graffiti, mostly on walls outside army HQ where protesters camped, became with music a symbol of the uprising; protest leaders (FFC) protested their whitewashing in Aug 2019 (AFP_GRAFFITI2019, 2019-08-14). Murals carried the three slogans حرية سلام وعدالة ('freedom, peace, justice') (AYIN_MURALS2022, 2022-03-12; the slogan is also visible on an EPA photo caption of 5 Jul 2019 in AFP_GRAFFITI2019). Erasure began with the 3 Jun 2019 sit-in break-up and resumed after the Oct 2021 coup; one artist estimates 70% of revolution murals removed [SINGLE-SOURCE, one interviewee: AYIN_MURALS2022]. Women: said to be up to 70% of protesters, though JPIA notes 'the precise source of this number is unclear' [SINGLE-SOURCE, hedged: JPIA_GENDER2020 §2, 2020-05-01]. Symbols included the white toub, the 'Kandaka' title (from Kushite queens; some activists criticised it) and the viral Apr 2019 image of Alaa Salah, whose framing as a lone icon Sudanese activists contested (JPIA_GENDER2020 §3.1–3.3). The transition repealed most public order laws and criminalised FGM, and the Constitutional Declaration set a 40% women's quota for a legislature that had not been formed by Apr 2020 (JPIA_GENDER2020 §5.1–5.2).

Economy

The transitional government ran an IMF Staff-Monitored Program from 2020 (IMF_CR21082, 2021-03-08). On 21 Feb 2021 the Central Bank unified the official and parallel rates under a 'managed float' (AJA_FLOAT2021, 2021-02-21; IMF_CR21143 para 6, 2021-06-21); bankers put the indicative rate at SDG 375/USD against the old official 55 [SINGLE-SOURCE: AJA_FLOAT2021 citing Reuters]. The IMF lists fuel-subsidy removal, higher electricity tariffs and 2021 budget tax measures alongside unification (IMF_CR21082). Inflation: 304.33% y-o-y in Jan 2021 [SINGLE-SOURCE: AJA_FLOAT2021 citing Anadolu] and 342% y-o-y in Mar 2021 [SINGLE-SOURCE: IMF_CR21143 para 6], driven by fuel price hikes and food/fuel shortages. On 29 Jun 2021 Sudan reached the HIPC Decision Point (38th country): external debt c. USD 56bn NPV (163% of GDP, end-2020), with total relief of more than USD 50bn NPV, over 90% of external debt, if Completion Point were reached in about three years; enhanced-HIPC relief USD 23.3bn [SINGLE-SOURCE: IMF_PR21199, a joint IMF/WB release, 2021-06-29]. After the 25 Oct 2021 coup the World Bank paused disbursements in all Sudan operations (WB_PAUSE2021, 2021-10-27). Earlier context: ICG2019 describes a 'crushing economic crisis'.

Regional power

Research in progress We have not yet read a source for this section. It will be added once one is checked; nothing is filled in by guesswork.

Open data flags

Sources

  1. International Crisis Group (2019) Safeguarding Sudan's Revolution (Africa Report 281) ICG link [en]
  2. International Crisis Group (2021) Reversing Sudan's Dangerous Coup ICG link [en]
  3. UN Security Council (2020) Resolution 2524 (2020) [UNITAMS] United Nations link [en]
  4. IMF (jointly with World Bank IDA, WB PR 2021/187/AFR) Press Release 21/199: Sudan to Receive Debt Relief Under the HIPC Initiative link [en]
  5. IMF Country Report 21/82: First Review under the Staff-Monitored Program (incl. PR 21/63) link [en]
  6. IMF Country Report 21/143: Second Review under the SMP, para. 6 link [en]
  7. World Bank (statement by President David Malpass) World Bank Group Paused All Disbursements to Sudan on Monday link [en]
  8. شبكة عاين Ayin Network محو الجداريات.. يد البطش تطال ذاكرة الثورة السودانية link [en]
  9. AFP (via The Citizen, South Africa) Leave our graffiti on the walls, say Sudan protesters link [en]
  10. Engeler, Braghieri & Manzur, Journal of Public and International Affairs (Princeton) From White Teyab to Pink Kandakat: Gender and the 2018-2019 Sudanese Revolution (sections 2, 2.4, 3.1–3.3, 5.1–5.2) link [en]
  11. الجزيرة نت (Al Jazeera Arabic), citing Reuters and Anadolu «المركزي السوداني» يوحد سعر الصرف.. وهذا ما قاله المغردون link [en]
  12. Wikipedia contributors Sudanese revolution Wikipedia link [en]
  13. Wikipedia contributors 2021 Sudanese coup d'état Wikipedia link [en]

Original era view · Era wiki