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Chapters › Funj & Darfur Sultanates · Egypt

Mamluk Sultanate

1250 CE – 1517 CE Arabic under review

Approximate area of control ≈ approximate

  1. OpenHistoricalMap contributors, relation 2960099 "Mamluk Sultanate" (1250-05-02–1261), CC0 1.0; no source tag pp. 401 [high]
    Geometry: OpenHistoricalMap contributors, relation 2960099 "Mamluk Sultanate" (1250-05-02–1261), CC0 1.0; no source tag
    Sources: UNESCO International Scientific Committee General History of Africa, IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century; Wikipedia contributors Mamluk Sultanate; Wikipedia contributors (2026) Makuria; Wikipedia contributors (2026) Makuria (cites Seignobos 2018 pp.139–143; Seignobos 2020 pp.146–151); Wikipedia contributors (2026) Mamluk Sultanate; L. Kropáček (ch.16) (1984) General History of Africa, IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (ed. D.T. Niane) – 'Nubia from the late 12th century to the Funj conquest'
  2. OpenHistoricalMap contributors, relation 2960095 "Mamluk Sultanate" (1261–1265), CC0 1.0; no source tag pp. 401 [high]
    Geometry: OpenHistoricalMap contributors, relation 2960095 "Mamluk Sultanate" (1261–1265), CC0 1.0; no source tag
    Sources: UNESCO International Scientific Committee General History of Africa, IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century; Wikipedia contributors Mamluk Sultanate; Wikipedia contributors (2026) Makuria; Wikipedia contributors (2026) Makuria (cites Seignobos 2018 pp.139–143; Seignobos 2020 pp.146–151); Wikipedia contributors (2026) Mamluk Sultanate; L. Kropáček (ch.16) (1984) General History of Africa, IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (ed. D.T. Niane) – 'Nubia from the late 12th century to the Funj conquest'
  3. OpenHistoricalMap contributors, relation 2960098 "Mamluk Sultanate" (1265–1266), CC0 1.0; no source tag pp. 401 [high]
    Geometry: OpenHistoricalMap contributors, relation 2960098 "Mamluk Sultanate" (1265–1266), CC0 1.0; no source tag
    Sources: UNESCO International Scientific Committee General History of Africa, IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century; Wikipedia contributors Mamluk Sultanate; Wikipedia contributors (2026) Makuria; Wikipedia contributors (2026) Makuria (cites Seignobos 2018 pp.139–143; Seignobos 2020 pp.146–151); Wikipedia contributors (2026) Mamluk Sultanate; L. Kropáček (ch.16) (1984) General History of Africa, IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (ed. D.T. Niane) – 'Nubia from the late 12th century to the Funj conquest'
  4. OpenHistoricalMap contributors, relation 2960097 "Mamluk Sultanate" (1266–1268), CC0 1.0; no source tag pp. 401 [high]
    Geometry: OpenHistoricalMap contributors, relation 2960097 "Mamluk Sultanate" (1266–1268), CC0 1.0; no source tag
    Sources: UNESCO International Scientific Committee General History of Africa, IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century; Wikipedia contributors Mamluk Sultanate; Wikipedia contributors (2026) Makuria; Wikipedia contributors (2026) Makuria (cites Seignobos 2018 pp.139–143; Seignobos 2020 pp.146–151); Wikipedia contributors (2026) Mamluk Sultanate; L. Kropáček (ch.16) (1984) General History of Africa, IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (ed. D.T. Niane) – 'Nubia from the late 12th century to the Funj conquest'
  5. OpenHistoricalMap contributors, relation 2960086 "Mamluk Sultanate" (1268-05-18–1276), CC0 1.0; no source tag pp. 401 [high]
    Geometry: OpenHistoricalMap contributors, relation 2960086 "Mamluk Sultanate" (1268-05-18–1276), CC0 1.0; no source tag
    Sources: UNESCO International Scientific Committee General History of Africa, IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century; Wikipedia contributors Mamluk Sultanate; Wikipedia contributors (2026) Makuria; Wikipedia contributors (2026) Makuria (cites Seignobos 2018 pp.139–143; Seignobos 2020 pp.146–151); Wikipedia contributors (2026) Mamluk Sultanate; L. Kropáček (ch.16) (1984) General History of Africa, IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (ed. D.T. Niane) – 'Nubia from the late 12th century to the Funj conquest'
  6. OpenHistoricalMap contributors, relation 2960093 "Mamluk Sultanate" (1276–1289-04-27), CC0 1.0; no source tag pp. 401 [high]
    Geometry: OpenHistoricalMap contributors, relation 2960093 "Mamluk Sultanate" (1276–1289-04-27), CC0 1.0; no source tag
    Sources: UNESCO International Scientific Committee General History of Africa, IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century; Wikipedia contributors Mamluk Sultanate; Wikipedia contributors (2026) Makuria; Wikipedia contributors (2026) Makuria (cites Seignobos 2018 pp.139–143; Seignobos 2020 pp.146–151); Wikipedia contributors (2026) Mamluk Sultanate; L. Kropáček (ch.16) (1984) General History of Africa, IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (ed. D.T. Niane) – 'Nubia from the late 12th century to the Funj conquest'
  7. OpenHistoricalMap contributors, relation 2960087 "Mamluk Sultanate" (1289-04-27–1291-05-18), CC0 1.0; no source tag pp. 401 [high]
    Geometry: OpenHistoricalMap contributors, relation 2960087 "Mamluk Sultanate" (1289-04-27–1291-05-18), CC0 1.0; no source tag
    Sources: UNESCO International Scientific Committee General History of Africa, IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century; Wikipedia contributors Mamluk Sultanate; Wikipedia contributors (2026) Makuria; Wikipedia contributors (2026) Makuria (cites Seignobos 2018 pp.139–143; Seignobos 2020 pp.146–151); Wikipedia contributors (2026) Mamluk Sultanate; L. Kropáček (ch.16) (1984) General History of Africa, IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (ed. D.T. Niane) – 'Nubia from the late 12th century to the Funj conquest'
  8. OpenHistoricalMap contributors, relation 2960096 "Mamluk Sultanate" (1291-05-18–1516-08-24), CC0 1.0; no source tag pp. 401 [high]
    Geometry: OpenHistoricalMap contributors, relation 2960096 "Mamluk Sultanate" (1291-05-18–1516-08-24), CC0 1.0; no source tag
    Sources: UNESCO International Scientific Committee General History of Africa, IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century; Wikipedia contributors Mamluk Sultanate; Wikipedia contributors (2026) Makuria; Wikipedia contributors (2026) Makuria (cites Seignobos 2018 pp.139–143; Seignobos 2020 pp.146–151); Wikipedia contributors (2026) Mamluk Sultanate; L. Kropáček (ch.16) (1984) General History of Africa, IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (ed. D.T. Niane) – 'Nubia from the late 12th century to the Funj conquest'
  9. OpenHistoricalMap contributors, relation 2960092 "Mamluk Sultanate" (1516-08-24–1517-01-22), CC0 1.0; no source tag pp. 401 [high]
    Geometry: OpenHistoricalMap contributors, relation 2960092 "Mamluk Sultanate" (1516-08-24–1517-01-22), CC0 1.0; no source tag
    Sources: UNESCO International Scientific Committee General History of Africa, IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century; Wikipedia contributors Mamluk Sultanate; Wikipedia contributors (2026) Makuria; Wikipedia contributors (2026) Makuria (cites Seignobos 2018 pp.139–143; Seignobos 2020 pp.146–151); Wikipedia contributors (2026) Mamluk Sultanate; L. Kropáček (ch.16) (1984) General History of Africa, IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (ed. D.T. Niane) – 'Nubia from the late 12th century to the Funj conquest'

Reference points

  • Suakin (reference marker) [low] — Wikipedia contributors (2026) Mamluk Sultanate
  • Dahlak (reference marker) [low] — Wikipedia contributors (2026) Mamluk Sultanate

Key events

Capitals / sites

Cairo

Geopolitics

Baybars (1260–77) began active intervention in Nubia, motivated largely by Egypt's security, though Hasan also suggests an economic motive (GHA IV ch.16, p.402). King Dawud raided Egypt and took 'Aydhab in 1272. In 1276 a Mamluk expedition defeated him and enthroned his rival Shakanda, whose oath 'would practically have replaced the traditional bakt relationship by complete vassalage' (pp.402–403). King Shamamun resisted, then in 1290 offered an augmented baqt to Qalawun; further expeditions followed from 1305 (p.403). Nubia was never annexed (p.405).

Culture

Mamluk punitive campaigns against Bedouin in Upper Egypt (1302, 1351, 1353, 1378, 1395) left them 'only one escape route ... into the Sudan', and nomads moved in growing numbers towards riverain Nubia (GHA IV ch.16, p.402). Under the 1276 terms, Nubians who did not embrace Islam paid jizya (p.403), and those who converted were protected against enslavement (p.416).

Economy

Shakanda promised an annual tribute of half the country's revenue plus a set number of animals, and the revenue of Maris went to the sultan (GHA IV ch.16, p.403). Sources put the captives taken to Egypt at 10,000, a figure Kropáček calls exaggerated (p.403). Ibn al-Furat estimated that 40,000 tribesmen and camp followers joined the 1289 campaign in search of booty (p.403).

Regional power

Research in progress We have not yet read a source for this section. It will be added once one is checked; nothing is filled in by guesswork.

Open data flags

Sources

  1. L. Kropáček (1984) Nubia from the late 12th century to the Funj conquest in the early 16th century, ch.16 (General History of Africa IV) UNESCO / Heinemann / University of California Press link [en]
  2. UNESCO International Scientific Committee General History of Africa, IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century UNESCO link [en]
  3. Wikipedia contributors Mamluk Sultanate Wikipedia link [en]

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