Sudan Histomap خريطة تاريخ السودان

Chapters › Independence to today · Sudan – Republic

War in Sudan (SAF vs RSF)

2023 CE – present Arabic under review

Approximate area of control ≈ approximate

  1. OpenHistoricalMap contributors (2026) Sudan / South Sudan admin_level=2 relations (2801037, 2926748, 2926753, 2801039, 2801038; earlier 2690845, 2831546, 2926749, 2961763, 2961762, 2803203) link [high]
  2. Natural Earth (2022) Admin 0 – Breakaway, Disputed Areas 1:10m v5.1.1 link [medium]
  3. Natural Earth (2022) Admin 0 – Breakaway, Disputed Areas 1:10m v5.1.1 pp. 2–5 link [medium]
    Sources: Natural Earth (2022) Admin 0 – Breakaway, Disputed Areas 1:10m v5.1.1; The Geographer, Office of the Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, US Department of State (1962) International Boundary Study No. 18: Sudan – Egypt (United Arab Republic) Boundary; UN S/3963 (Sudan to the UN Secretary-General, 20 Feb 1958), quoted via EGYPIL; EGYPIL: M. Hamad, "The Situation in the Halaib Triangle – Timeline" (6 Feb 2026), https://www.egypil.org/print/75; Les Echos, "Le Soudan et l'Egypte à couteaux tirés" (Jun 1995); Carnegie Endowment, "The Egypt-Sudan Border: A Story of Unfulfilled Promise" (Jan 2021); Al Jazeera Net Encyclopedia, "حلايب" (14 Nov 2014); Al Nilin (alnilin.com/983231.htm, Sudanese outlet)
  4. Natural Earth (2022) Admin 0 – Breakaway, Disputed Areas 1:10m v5.1.1 pp. 2–5 link [medium]
    Sources: Natural Earth (2022) Admin 0 – Breakaway, Disputed Areas 1:10m v5.1.1; The Geographer, Office of the Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, US Department of State (1962) International Boundary Study No. 18: Sudan – Egypt (United Arab Republic) Boundary

Reference points

  • El Malha (Kufra fuel route end) REPORTED [low] — Panel of Experts on the Sudan (established pursuant to UNSC resolution 1591 (2005)) (2025) Letter dated 14 April 2025 from the President of the Security Council acting in the absence of a Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1591 (2005) concerning the Sudan addressed to the President of the Security Council (final report of the Panel of Experts) pp. para. 71 (p. 24)
  • Mellit (Kufra fuel route end) REPORTED [medium] — Panel of Experts on the Sudan (established pursuant to UNSC resolution 1591 (2005)) (2025) Letter dated 14 April 2025 from the President of the Security Council acting in the absence of a Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1591 (2005) concerning the Sudan addressed to the President of the Security Council (final report of the Panel of Experts) pp. para. 71 (p. 24)

Listed, not on the map (no coordinate)

  • Bir Mirgui: North Darfur, location unspecified REPORTED [low] — Panel of Experts on the Sudan (established pursuant to UNSC resolution 1591 (2005)) (2025) Letter dated 14 April 2025 from the President of the Security Council acting in the absence of a Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1591 (2005) concerning the Sudan addressed to the President of the Security Council (final report of the Panel of Experts), para. 98 (p. 30); as of 2025-04-17
    RSF "established a new logistics command post at Bir Mirgui, North Darfur" by mid-2024; described as the hub for supplies from eastern Chad and southern Libya. As of 2025-04-17. UN Panel of Experts S/2025/239 (17 Apr 2025), para. 98; not independently confirmed here. Listed only: no GeoNames/Wikidata/OSM coordinate, so no map dot.
  • Jebel Eredi: North Darfur, location unspecified REPORTED [low] — Panel of Experts on the Sudan (established pursuant to UNSC resolution 1591 (2005)) (2025) Letter dated 14 April 2025 from the President of the Security Council acting in the absence of a Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1591 (2005) concerning the Sudan addressed to the President of the Security Council (final report of the Panel of Experts), para. 104 (p. 31); as of 2025-04-17
    On 19 November 2024 a GSLF/Janna-faction unit "ambushed RSF vehicles that were transporting ammunition from southern Libya to Darfur" at Jebel Eredi (North Darfur). As of 2025-04-17. UN Panel of Experts S/2025/239 (17 Apr 2025), para. 104; not independently confirmed here. Listed only: no GeoNames/Wikidata/OSM coordinate, so no map dot.

Dating note

Ongoing; end=present. 'Government relocates to Port Sudan' not yet tied to a non-Wikipedia source (UN sources confirm the UN hub moved there).

Key events

Capitals / sites

Port Sudan, Khartoum

Geopolitics

SAF–RSF fighting from 15 April 2023; US–Saudi facilitated Jeddah Declaration (11 May 2023); IPC found famine plausible in Zamzam camp (July 2024).

Culture

UNESCO (12 Sep 2024) reported possible looting and damage by armed groups of museums including the National Museum, whose restoration UNESCO had coordinated with Italian funding since 2019, and reported thefts at the Khalifa House Museum and Nyala Museum, which it was still verifying; it asked the art market not to buy Sudanese cultural property and was monitoring the Gebel Barkal and Meroe World Heritage sites by satellite (UNESCO_PR2024). A 28 Mar 2025 assessment confirmed destroyed galleries, 'systematic looting' and damage to annex store Z, which holds over 10,000 objects from the 1960s Nubian campaign [SINGLE-SOURCE: UNESCO_HEF2025]. Al Jazeera Arabic reports the Republican Palace Museum's archive (documents of the White Flag revolution, the Sudanese Union Society and the Mahdiyya) and presidential cars destroyed under RSF control (AJA_PALACE2025, 2025-03-25; SAF-side framing). Diaspora media: at least 431 journalists fled (300 to Egypt) and at least 10 exile outlets were founded or kept operating, e.g. Sudan Bukra and Sudania 24 in Cairo, Darfur 24 in Kampala and Ayin in Nairobi, alongside the older Radio Dabanga (Netherlands) and Sudan Tribune (Paris); Egyptian security raided Sudan Bukra in Sep 2023 [figures SINGLE-SOURCE: RSF_EXILE2025, 2025-04-14].

Economy

GDP collapse – DIFFERING ESTIMATES for 2023: the World Bank's Apr 2024 Macro Poverty Outlook estimated a 12% contraction (WB_MPO2024), revised in its Jun 2025 Economic Update to c. 29.4%, then a further 13.5% in 2024 (WB_SEU2025 para 4, Table 1). Inflation 2023 – DIFFERING ESTIMATES: 'about 230%' (WB_MPO2024) vs 65.8% CPI in WB_SEU2025 Table 1; WB_MPO2024 says inflation 'has become more difficult to monitor' and the pound fell 94% (official) and 125% (parallel) since Apr 2023. Services, concentrated in Khartoum, shrank 43.2% in 2023 (WB_SEU2025 Table 1). Gold: a record 64.4 t in 2024 (c. 53 t artisanal, 11 t concessions) and c. USD 1.6bn government revenue per the state Mineral Resources Company [SINGLE-SOURCE: XINHUA_GOLD2025, 2025-03-06]; smuggling makes artisanal output hard to measure (same). See also GEO-002, GEO-067, GEO-074 for gold flows to the UAE. Gum arabic: export revenue fell from c. USD 80m pre-war to c. USD 20m after ~15 months, per the Sudan Gum Arabic Council [SINGLE-SOURCE: AYIN_GUM2024, 2024-07-11]; RSF control of Kordofan, checkpoint fees on both sides and smuggling via Chad (same). Famine: the IPC FRC classified Famine (Phase 5) in Zamzam, Abu Shouk and Al Salam camps and the Western Nuba Mountains for Oct–Nov 2024, projected it in five more North Darfur localities to May 2025, and saw risk in 17 more; 24.6m people in IPC 3+ (IPC_FRC_DEC2024, 2024-12-24; WFP_DEC2024). Displacement – DIFFERING ESTIMATES: 12.9m forcibly displaced (8.9m internal, 3.8m abroad) (WB_SEU2025) vs IOM's 11.3m IDPs in total, of whom 8.6m displaced since Apr 2023, plus 3.9m across borders, 'over 15 million' overall (IOM_DTM2025, to 15 Apr 2025).

Regional power

Open data flags

Sources

  1. UN News (2023) UN chief and officials condemn fighting between Sudanese forces United Nations link [en]
  2. US Department of State (2023) Jeddah Declaration of Commitment to Protect the Civilians of Sudan US Department of State link [en]
  3. IPC Famine Review Committee (2024) Famine Review Committee report: Zamzam camp, North Darfur, Sudan IPC link [en]
  4. World Bank Macro Poverty Outlook: Sudan (April 2024) link [en]
  5. World Bank Sudan Economic Update: The Economic and Social Consequences of the Conflict – Charting a Path to Recovery (Executive Summary, para 4, para 15, Table 1) link [en]
  6. IPC Famine Review Committee (Bilukha, Haan, Hailey, Maxwell, Seal, Lopez) Famine Review Committee: Sudan, December 2024 – Conclusions and Recommendations link [en]
  7. FAO, WFP and UNICEF (joint news release) Food and nutrition crisis deepens across Sudan as famine identified in additional areas link [en]
  8. IOM Displacement Tracking Matrix Two Years of Conflict in Sudan: Visualizing the World's Largest Displacement Crisis (period 15 Apr 2023–15 Apr 2025) link [en]
  9. UNESCO Sudan: UNESCO raises the alarm on reports of illicit trafficking of cultural heritage (press release, Paris) link [en]
  10. UNESCO Heritage Emergency Fund Urgent Safeguarding Response for the Damaged Collections at the Sudan National Museum link [en]
  11. Reporters Without Borders (RSF) Sudan's exile media – fragile sources of news about a forgotten war link [en]
  12. Xinhua (reporting a Sudanese Mineral Resources Company report) Roundup: Sudan achieves record gold production in 2024 despite armed conflict link [en]
  13. Ayin Network (Sudanese independent outlet, Nairobi) Gum Arabic: One of Sudan's major exports now in decline link [en]
  14. الجزيرة نت (Al Jazeera Arabic), correspondent Haitham Awit تاريخ السودان في مهب الريح.. الدعم السريع تدمر متحف القصر الجمهوري link [en]
  15. UN Security Council (2023) Press Statement on Clashes in Sudan (SC/15257) United Nations link [en]
  16. Wikipedia contributors Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Wikipedia link [en]

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